@article{GawLorGolLak14,
year = 2014,
issn = {0340-1200},
journal = {Biological Cybernetics},
doi = {10.1007/s00422-014-0587-5},
title = {Intermittent control models of human standing: similarities and differences},
publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},
keywords = {Intermittent control; Predictive control; Human balancing; Quiet standing},
author = {Gawthrop, Peter and Loram, Ian and Gollee, Henrik and Lakie, Martin},
volume = 108,
number = 2,
pages = {159-168},
language = {English},
abstract = { Two architectures of intermittent control are compared
and contrasted in the context of the single inverted
pendulum model often used for describing standing in
humans. The architectures are similar insofar as
they use periods of open-loop control punctuated by
switching events when crossing a switching surface
to keep the system state trajectories close to
trajectories leading to equilibrium. The
architectures differ in two significant
ways. Firstly, in one case, the open-loop control
trajectory is generated by a system-matched hold,
and in the other case, the open-loop control signal
is zero. Secondly, prediction is used in one case
but not the other. The former difference is examined
in this paper. The zero control alternative leads to
periodic oscillations associated with limit cycles;
whereas the system-matched control alternative gives
trajectories (including homoclinic orbits) which
contain the equilibrium point and do not have
oscillatory behaviour. Despite this difference in
behaviour, it is further shown that behaviour can
appear similar when either the system is perturbed
by additive noise or the system-matched trajectory
generation is perturbed. The purpose of the research
is to come to a common approach for understanding
the theoretical properties of the two alternatives
with the twin aims of choosing which provides the
best explanation of current experimental data (which
may not, by itself, distinguish beween the two
alternatives) and suggesting future experiments to
distinguish beween the two alternatives. },
note = {Published online 6th {February} 2014.}
}
@article{LorKamLakGolGaw14,
author = {Loram, Ian D. and {van de Kamp}, Cornelis and Lakie, Martin
and Gollee, Henrik and Gawthrop, Peter J},
title = {Does the motor system need intermittent control?},
journal = {Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews},
year = 2014,
month = {July},
volume = 42,
number = 3,
pages = {117-125},
doi = {10.1249/JES.0000000000000018},
note = {Published online 9 May 2014},
abstract = {Explanation of motor control is dominated by continuous neurophysiological pathways (e.g. trans-cortical, spinal) and the continuous control paradigm. Using new theoretical development, methodology and evidence, we propose intermittent control, which incorporates a serial ballistic process within the main feedback loop, provides a more general and more accurate paradigm necessary to explain attributes highly advantageous for competitive survival and performance.}
}
@article{GawCra14,
author = {Gawthrop, Peter J. and Crampin, Edmund J.},
title = {Energy-based analysis of biochemical cycles using bond graphs},
volume = 470,
number = 2171,
year = 2014,
doi = {10.1098/rspa.2014.0459},
archiveprefix = {arXiv},
eprint = {1406.2447},
abstract = {Thermodynamic aspects of chemical reactions have a long history in the physical chemistry literature. In particular, biochemical cycles require a source of energy to function. However, although fundamental, the role of chemical potential and Gibb's free energy in the analysis of biochemical systems is often overlooked leading to models which are physically impossible. The bond graph approach was developed for modelling engineering systems, where energy generation, storage and transmission are fundamental. The method focuses on how power flows between components and how energy is stored, transmitted or dissipated within components. Based on the early ideas of network thermodynamics, we have applied this approach to biochemical systems to generate models which automatically obey the laws of thermodynamics. We illustrate the method with examples of biochemical cycles. We have found that thermodynamically compliant models of simple biochemical cycles can easily be developed using this approach. In particular, both stoichiometric information and simulation models can be developed directly from the bond graph. Furthermore, model reduction and approximation while retaining structural and thermodynamic properties is facilitated. Because the bond graph approach is also modular and scaleable, we believe that it provides a secure foundation for building thermodynamically compliant models of large biochemical networks.},
journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Science},
pages = {1--25},
note = {Available at {arXiv:1406.2447}}
}
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